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Endodontic rotary file systems11/25/2023 Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys. Current challenges and concepts of the thermomechanical treatment of nickel-titanium instruments. Shen Y, Zhou HM, Zheng YF, Peng B, Haapasalo M. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010 110(4):527–33. Relationship between flexibility and physical, chemical, and geometric characteristics of rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Viana AC, Chaves Craveiro de Melo M, Guiomar de Azevedo Bahia M, Lopes Buono VT. An overview of the mechanical properties of nickel–titanium endodontic instruments. Evolution of Nickel-titanium Alloys in Endodontics. Ounsi HF, Nassif W, Grandini S, Salameh Z, Neelakantan P, Anil S.Mechanical properties of cast Ti-6Al-4V-XCu alloys. Aoki T, Okafor IC, Watanabe I, Hattori M, Oda Y, Okabe T.Metallurgical characterization of M-Wire nickel-titanium shape memory alloy used for endodontic rotary instruments during lowcycle fatigue. Cambridge: Boca Raton Woodhead Pub, CRC Press 2009. Shape memory alloys for biomedical applications. A Review of the Various Surface Treatments of NiTi Instruments. Mohammadi Z, Soltani MK, Shalavi S, Asgary S. Cleaning ef-fectiveness and shaping ability of rotary ProTaper compared with rotary GT and manual K-Flexofile. Liu SB, Fan B, Cheung GS, Peng B, Fan MW, Gutmann JL, et al. An initial investigation of the bend-ing and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files. This review discusses the different phase transformations and heat treatments that the NiTi instruments undergo. Contrary to this, martensitic alloys can easily be deformed due to phase transformation, and they can demonstrate the shape memory effect when heated. Instruments based on austenitic alloys possess superelastic properties due to the stress-induced martensitic transformation. NiTi alloys can be subclassified as the instruments mainly containing austenitic phase (conventional NiTi, M-wire, R-phase), and those containing martensitic phase (controlled memory wire, ProTaper Gold, and Vortex Blue). These heat-treated instruments also possess improved cyclic fatigue resistance when compared to conventional NiTi alloys. The main purpose of these treatments is to impart a more martensitic phase into the files at normal body temperature, so that the maximum advantage of flexibility can be obtained. These treatments include thermal, mechanical, electropolishing, and recently introduced electric discharge machining. Since the last decade, different proprietary processing procedures have been introduced to further improve the mechanical properties of NiTi alloys. Consequently, there has been considerable research conducted to investigate the mechanisms behind the occurrence of these procedural errors. However, despite of their superior mechanical properties, NiTi alloys still pose some risk of fracture. They have considerable advantages over the conventional stainless steel file in terms of mechanical properties. Ever since their introduction, nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloys have continued to revolutionize the field of endodontics.
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